Transforming protracted social conflicts in a complex society requires localised three-level knowledge: historical contexts of conflicts, deeper understanding of the current conflicts, and social capital. Such a study is few in Ethiopia. This area-based study of Sidaamaland complements the general studies of conflicts in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The study in this book shows the absence of meaningful participatory structures, and the insufficiency of top-down approach in addressing the socio-economic, political and security needs of the Ethiopian peoples. The horizontal unpeaceful relations in Sidaamaland are a spill-over of the unresolved vertical protracted conflicts, and are not from‘old ethnic hatred.’ Basically, the communities in conflict raise more or less similar issues, but lack of the use of avenues for dialogue between them causes misperceptions. Given the existing local social capital and national provisions, the current conflicts in Ethiopia need not be violent....